An International Criminal Court - 1718 Words

The establishment of an international criminal court was a slow, arduous process. Following the horrific human rights violations committed by the Nazis in World War II, the global community began to take the proper steps to combat the notion that being at war sanctions gross abuses of human rights. It was not a lust for violence that elongated the process of establishing the ICC (international criminal court), but rather the long-time battle between accepting that the world is increasingly affected by globalization and holding fast to the age-old tradition of prizing state sovereignty above all. The scale of the genocide carried out against all peoples not of Aryan descent in the 1940s was the catalyst needed to start talks about prizing guaranteed rights over the incessant need to abide by antiquated customary law. Whilst many argue that the ICC and ad-hoc tribunals such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Y ugoslavia (ICTY) fail to provide a comprehensive international legal framework, they serve other important purposes. Firstly, the ICC and its parent tribunals played a major part in ending the culture of impunity. Oftentimes, in states where there are violations of international humanitarian law, the government is wrought with corruption. Politicians and government officials abuse the rights of their citizens and others under the guise of sovereign immunity. Tribunals, and later the ICC,Show MoreRelatedInternational Criminal Court872 Words   |  3 Pagesgovernment resort to the use of force against civilians, a reaction that was condemned for the international community. Considering the crisis in Libya the United Nations Security Council passed the resolution 1970 to impose international sanctions over the principal chiefs of Gaddafi’s regime, including Abdullah Al-Senussi and Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, and the UNSC authorize the International Criminal Court to investigate the crimes against humanity that were committed in Libya during the protests ofRead MoreThe International Criminal Court ( Icc )1608 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction:- The international criminal court (ICC) is an unalike international organization, as it deals with individuals of the state parties and non state parties both. The Court among its wide prospects prosecutes individuals, accepts communications and complaints from them, and also allows for an independent official to initiate prosecution. But, independent officials in international organizations always have a controversial position given the fact that they have autonomy and authority toRead MoreAfrican Of The International Criminal Court5912 Words   |  24 Pageshumanitarian law. This commitment is shown first in domestic contexts in which African states have used their own criminal law systems to prosecute war criminals, in special tribunals such as that in Sierra Leone, and in African states well-established commitment to the international criminal Court. African countries have been actively involved in the establishment of the International Criminal Court and the Rome Statute more than 20 years ago, since negotiation started for the creation of the ICC. AmongRead MoreThe International Criminal Court ( Icc )3345 Words   |  14 PagesThe most fundamental aspects of the law, whether it be international or domestic is its abilities to reflect the ideals of justice and impartiality. The International Criminal Court (ICC) invests itself as a global institute to uphold international interests. However, it may be argued that the ICC has become affected by political influence, hindering its position to holistically deal with issues of law. This effect has given rise to the notion of a current crisis of political will. Although politicsRead MoreEssay on International Criminal Court2923 Words   |  12 PagesThe International Criminal Court (ICC) is a relatively new organization; only just a decade old and it has seen a great deal of hardships and success. Since the creation of ICC it has seen a vast deal of criticisms that â€Å"[range] from concerns about racism and neocolonialism† and so forth. Not only has it encountered criticisms, but as well, people have questioned the usefulness of this organization? In truth, is it necessary to question the value, based on what little it has accomplished and inRead MoreThe International Criminal Court : An Independent International Organization1578 Words   |  7 PagesAlshammari 23rd April 2016 The International Criminal Court The International Criminal Court is an independent international organization that is governed by the Rome Statute that is the first international criminal court that is permanent. Its establishment was as a result for the need to bring justice upon perpetrators that commit serious crimes against humanity. The Rome Statute which is the legal basis for establishing the permanent International Criminal Court was approved on 17th July 1998Read More International Criminal Court Essay examples1484 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Criminal Court Allegations of war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity have undoubtedly received unprecedented press coverage in recent years – more than at any time since Nuremberg. This is not because the incidences of such barbarities have increased, but simply because those crimes are brought to us more rapidly these days by the electronic media. Since the early 1990’s the international community has witnessed of a variety of criminal tribunalsRead MoreThe International Criminal Court As An Advocate For Peace2290 Words   |  10 Pages The International Criminal Court as Both Mediator and Arbiter in Conflicts Paul Daniel Thornton Dr. Lealle Ruhl POLI 1145 Peace and Conflict Studies Wednesday, November 16, 2016 INTRODUCTION In the pursuit of positive peace for the global community, certain mechanisms are necessary in order to better protect human rights and resolve interstate conflicts. Prior to the events of World War II, a cogent set of laws defining those human rights, much less violations therein were never heardRead More The Effectiveness of the International Criminal Court Essay2958 Words   |  12 PagesThere is a close relationship between human rights and criminal law. The scope of my paper will surround human rights and the International Criminal Court (ICC) in addition to human rights and international crimes. International criminal justice in this context speaks to those interested in prosecuting against the background of international human rights and humanitarian norms. The use of criminal law has many positive effects and pursues many goals that are worth considering. For example, deterrenceRead MoreThe International Criminal Court Of The United States1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe Int ernational Criminal Court try to not to have history repeat itself The International Criminal Court also known as the (ICC) are a group of judges who investigates and prosecutes individuals that are guilty of crimes such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity and only intervenes when a state cannot intervene or is unwilling to intervene or is an international concern (Understanding the International Criminal Court). Many inhumane corruptions were committed in the past such as

The History Of Rasselas, Prince Of Abyssinia By Samuel...

A worldview is a mental model of reality. It is the idea and attitudes towards the world, life, and us as individuals. Each individual has their own unique worldview. People acquire a worldview by how they go through life, it may change or even stay the same. How they grew up, life situations, values, religion, and attitudes are factors that may affect one’s worldview. There are many questions that can make up one’s worldview. How should we act? What gives life purpose? Where did we come from? These are some of many questions that can help define someone’s worldview. The book The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia by Samuel Johnson, brings up many worldviews. The characters in the book go on a journey to figure out their worldview. Which I think this is the best way to build someone’s worldview. Rasselas is a prince who has lived his whole life in solitude. Everything is perfect for him, he does not have to worry about anything. Everyone who lives th ere is happy and it is kind of like that perfect utopia. Rasselas struggled to find the purpose of life. Being in the valley he did not have much experience of the outside world. Rasselas lacks variety as well as someone to sympathize with him. He began to desire the world around him and wants to go out and explore. Rassales had a friend whose name was Imlac. Imlac was a poet who was very wise. Although Imlac had wisdom he did not really apply himself to his full potential with all of his knowledge. Rassales explainsShow MoreRelatedFeminism in The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia5647 Words   |  23 PagesSamuel Johnsons The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia and Its Feminist Conclusion, in which Nothing is Concluded Feminism is described in many ways, but mainly it can be gathered as a movement against oppression, which fights for the civil and political equality of women and men, and towards the opportunity of self-independence. During the eighteenth century, Great Britains society offered little opportunity for women to take part in the active roles of the male dominated world. WomenRead MoreAnalysis Of Alexander Pope s The Enlightenment 1411 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander Pope demonstrates his method of reason and the conclusions he has drawn about the world, basing his argument on optimism. Samuel Johnson, however, in ‘The History Of Rasselas Prince of Abissinia’, highlights the brutality of man as well as how man’s concept of happiness is subjective between people. In this essay I will show how the reason of Pope and Johnson differs and how their understandings of the world are both different, as well as similar. The question of theodicy discusses the problemRead MoreCompare and Contrast Happines in Candide, Rasselas, Essay on Man1496 Words   |  6 PagesHappiness Throughout history humankind has been trying to define happiness. What is it exactly and how do we obtain it? We always think that happiness is a place to be or a destination and technically, that is the main premise or goal of our lives; to obtain happiness. So our whole lives go by from the minute were born to the last breath we take in a quest to work hard in order to reach that destination. Naturally, many philosophical writers have jumped on the bandwagon and put in their two centsRead Morevanity of human wishes Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pages ©2008 eNotes.com, Inc. or its Licensors. Please see copyright information at the end of this document. The Poem Samuel Johnson’s The Vanity of Human Wishes imitates, as its subtitle states, Juvenal’s tenth satire. The 368 lines of iambic pentameter in rhymed couplets do not claim to provide an exact translation but rather to apply the poem to eighteenth century England. While Johnson therefore feels free to modernize the allusions, he follows his model closely. The poem opens with the proposition

Department of Spatial Information IT Procedures

Question: Discuss about the Department of Spatial Information IT Procedures. Answer: It was the responsibility of the Department of Spatial Information to distribute spatial statistics to the people in accepted methods. Yet, the issue was created in dispensing the information to a huge number of individuals who expected the data. In order to make the method simpler and quicker, it was decided to use Cloud computing as a choice so that the web could be used to transmit the information. In addition, the cloud utilization could assist the company in getting an actual time view into the processes of the company. This document checked these ideas of using a cloud for the DSI type and the purpose was to know the working viability and needs of the company while embracing the cloud policy to run its important functions. The document discovered the instance of Department of Spatial Information which was considering shifting its present IT procedures into a cloud in lieu of the AWS figures cloud facilities offered by Amazon was explored to know of it could satisfy the companys requirements in reference to the working and SLA needs of the organizations. As a sample for observation, the PaaS distribution model was selected for the purpose as was planned in the earlier valuation of the DSI type. In order to decide about the cloud service aptness, the AWS service was checked and adjudged based on the working consideration. This contained investigation of the procedure specifications for cloud acceptance and evaluation of the Service Level Agreements offered by Amazon together with the AWS facilities. It was understood that a few primary actions were required to keep the cloud operational effectively in the enterprise scenario and these contained entry management, flexible packing, storage salvage, load assessment and many more. All such actions were known to be accessible in the AWS type if executed in DSI. The SLA evaluation was carried out with the help of particular factors which consisted of moral codes, dependability and safety. It was discovered that Amazon had carried out various steps for the essentials of SLAs in accordance with the evaluation excluding that no sole instance of SLA was found obtainable. Despite this, the client-responsive strategy and past record of client-focused tactic followed by the Amazon group, AES can be endorsed without a doubt to DSI as the apt cloud service. (ITProPortal, 2013). Necessities for SLA supervision, isolated management and means controlling As the organization advances toward the cloud platform for resource handling purpose, the supervisors are required to design and also check the application through remote use through the cloud by utilizing particular consumer crossing points and cloud calculation implements. An offsite management method can carry it out by offering a website which is for the exclusive use of the supervisor to control SLAs and multiple assets. This method also has equipment which can be utilized to alter online website factors for personalization. Apart from this, distinct webpages can be provided for supervisors and patrons of the company. Since supervisors will be utilizing similar services to control IT resource utilization and know-how architecture, the patrons are enabled to use particular offerings which include special data reports. The launch of this system would need few actions and procedures to be done and they are given below: Facilitating the hiring for the PaaS method of implementation Entrance regulation system determining access stages to be offered to employers Alignment of cloud calculation Installation of cloud facility Facilitating the necessary IT means over cloud Checking method to follow service stage, utilization and its execution Checking whether success as per SLAs and Excellence of Service is achieved Controlling hiring and utilization expenses Controlling consumer accounts, entry checking, endorsement, their safety permits and validation methods. Checking if right of entry to offerings hired over the cloud both inside and outside, is available Scheduling IT assets, capabilities and supplies A company may utilize an agenda sheet like a means to appraise if every necessity has been taken care of for a particular cloud resolution which is being executed. For this purpose, Amazon Web Services would be implemented as the cloud calculation facility for DSI for whom a worksheet is developed for primary and enterprise procedures as given below: AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is given customer specific authorizations which are kept private Applicable storage category is utilized for Amazon Elastic Block Store after accepting reclamation and standby alternatives When user modules are executed, AWS will implement dynamic IP addressing to work. Amazon EBS capacities would be made use of to work the structure and database needs Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) will have regular standby expending EBS snapshots Retrieval methods of Amazon EC2 examples are check periodically for the purpose of a botch-up via Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) Important parts of the application are distributed through sections by making use of Elastic Load Balancing We check practices applied for updates, patches, safety of application, security processes and AMI services periodically. Important personal keys of AWS occurrence are kept personal and necessary entry permits are implemented for operating process Safekeeping guidelines are applied for group considering the topology of grading CNAME journals are utilized for DNS plotting with Elastic Load Harmonizing Private and delicate statistics like implanted illustration critical pairs and approved key files are detached AWS-presented application is entire checked for its performance prior to being permitted to go live We would be including AWS confidential guide reports in our analysis Our Production AWS accounts have been engaged for enterprise maintenance. Enterprise operations checklist Category Description Billing and accounting Designing a method to supervise bills and accounts Conclude whether several accounts would be utilized and its billing methods too Security and Access Cultivate approach for administration of API, console, operating structure, data access and network Asset Administration Cultivate approach for ID and trailing of cloud services Application resilience Confirm that explanation gives top obtainability and confirms to elasticity needs of application Backup Make sure that explanation also speaks about or outdoes calamity salvage and standby needs Checking and organization of occurrences employ observing implements and join in resources together with the incidence administration procedure Structure and change Cultivate a scheme to handling pattern and deviations Release and disposition Grow a plan to merge announcements and utilization in line with alignment and change management methodology. Resilience, Backup, and Disaster Recovery Applications which can be rebuilt within the Cloud storage needs to be resilient towards failures so that they can be distinct from the common causes of failure. Due to this, Amazons EC2 needs to utilize a model of Elastic Cloud Computing which consists of the tools which will be utilized by developers for the creation of a resilient foundation. The requirement of a network which is resilient and has high availability has significantly increased from earlier requirements and Cloud utilizes the approach of business continuity for minimization of downtime, even during disaster. Generally, Amazon claims to offer a 99% uptime. AWS Resilience Amazon permits data storage in block level via Amazon EC2 and each of it is duplicated automatically for individual availability of zone so that the client can be protected from component failures so that even during failures, high availability is ensured. AWS Backup Amazon addresses the requirement of backups for various databanks and remote branches, on top of the backup of the total infrastructure at the main databanks which are handled by the organization. Every site consists of a storage access for quicker recovery during disasters. Protection of user endpoints in offered via storage access utilized for creation of backups with automatic storage and encryption, throttling of bandwidth, deduplication of data, and data synchronization (onlinetech.com, 2016). AWS Disaster Recovery During disaster event, AWS offers a storage access for recovery that consists of the duplicated data or the server datas compressed version and this can be accessed via the Internet. After obtaining the data, decryption can be performed for recovery processes. The storage access can be transferred directly from the AMI to the cloud and thus, can be easily deployed during disasters. Storage access links the applications and the storage so that continuous services can be provided via an integrated foundation. On the other hand, the feature of direct connectivity permits direct linking amongst AWS and onsite storage. This tactic has various advantages like network expenses reduction, throughput increases, and connection consistency. AWS SLA Assessment The documentation of maintenance of standardization and declaration of rights and obligations of every party of the contract which comprises of the service provider (Amazon) and clients is known as Service Level Agreement or SLA. SLAs standard guidelines require these contracts to have some specific features like cloud service reliability and availability, pre-defined security levels, clarity of support provision by the service company. From the perspective of the service provider, a few ethical conduct codes need to be complied with and these require honoring the rights and privacy of the client, and displaying confidentiality, honesty, discretion, honesty, competence, and integrity. Amazons SLA is for the AWS services. AWSs SLAs specifically defines the predicted system reliability via the assurance of 99% uptime per month in its agreement and this ensures that the SLA is extremely reliable. A center for support can be linked to cases in case the uptime drops down below the expected levels. In accordance with Amazons policies, cloud security is provided the highest priority and developers have built a security structure which permit organization AWS operations within a protected surrounding. AWS SLAs advantages comprises of AWS permit consumers to ensure control over links and topologies of the network by providing direct connections, and Virtual Private Clouds. AWS has extreme load balancing abilities for application that run over the cloud via the metrics-driven Elastic Load Balancing. There are numerous choices for availability along zones for allowing databanks at the clients nearest locations. For permitting DevOps and control, AWS Agreement comprises of altering services, personalized monitoring, security documentations, compliance certifications, firewalls, and access control. These customizations are offered via AWS Elastics CloudFormation, OpWorks, and Beanstalk. AWS SLA offers a few value added services like memory caching, DNS, content delivery network, relational database, etc. AWS has extreme expansion capabilities with a large collection of partner proposals for additional solutions and software. But, the SLA solutions have some disadvantages which might be a problem and thus, need to be considered prior to taking up the decision to take up AWS Cloud Solutions, and these are Even though Amazon offers all the information via the websites and additional documentation, no exclusive SLA is present. SLAs dont have any kind of version histories and this makes it hard for the company to take up actions if service violations and/or contractual problems occurs. But, the services reputation is quite robust and Amazon endeavors to enhance and learn the AWS architecture. If there are errors in the SLAs, the organization freely accepts those and assist the consumers to lessen the mistakes impact (Gartner, 2014). Therefore, Amazons SLA for their AWS services is an unbiased contract and keeps in consideration both the documentation availability and reputation. This will be a safe proposal for the organization. References Gartner. (2014). Amazon Web Services Bottom-Line Assessment. Gartner. ITProPortal. (2013). Big data: 5 major advantages of Hadoop | ITProPortal.com. [online] Available at: https://www.itproportal.com/2013/12/20/big-data-5-major-advantages-of-hadoop [Accessed 18 May 2016]. Mitsm.de, (2016). [online] Mitsm.de. Available at: https://www.mitsm.de/service-level-agreement-management-en [Accessed 18 May 2016]. Netsuite.com. (2016). Resource Management, Resource Utilization, Resource Management System - NetSuite. [online] Available at: https://www.netsuite.com/portal/products/srp/resource-management.shtml [Accessed 18 May 2016]. Onlinetech.com. (2016). Benefits of Disaster Recovery in Cloud Computing. [online] Available at: https://www.onlinetech.com/resources/references/benefits-of-disaster-recovery-in-cloud-computing [Accessed 18 May 2016]. Zechmeister, C., Tomic, A., Ravirala, R., Nunn, J. (2014). Enterprise Backup and Recovery On-Premises to AWS. Amazon.

Nuclear disarmament as a way to keep peace and provide human security

Introduction As the world struggles with the different challenges that are suppressing socioeconomic development in the contemporary days, human security is mainly at stake. Initially, social security was perhaps a mere threat as the involvement of global politics touching on the United States and the United Kingdom among other powerful states in the nuclear arsenal proliferation made the issue of atomic weaponry unclear especially to laypersons.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear disarmament as a way to keep peace and provide human security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contemporary debates underlying the Syrian crisis is an outstanding example of the realities surrounding the augmenting concerns on weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) as the campaigns on global elimination of nuclear armaments intensify. The events of WWI and WWII are deeply envisaged in the memories of many who experienced them, and none would wish the reoccurrence of the same. Peace and reconciliation campaigns on countries experiencing stalemate have failed to provide a resolution to the constant conflicts that are threatening further nuclear exposure. This essay examines atomic disarmament as a way to keep peace and ensure human security. Nuclear weaponry associated ramifications Nuclear arsenals form the most significant part of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) despite the consequences, which are currently undermined and underestimated. Macfarlane (2005) notes, â€Å"The emergence of a new, hostile military coalition against the United States or its allies in which one or more members possesses WMD and the means of delivery is a potential contingency that could have major consequences for the U.S† (p.3). Nonetheless, the war against nuclear proliferation is not merely a national quandary associated with powerful states like the United States; on the contrary, it is rather an international security con cern. Instead of considering their destruction capacity, some nations are thinking nuclear weapons more constructive than conformist weapons. Countries in the Middle East, North Korea, Syria, and even Iran are the nations where an actual proliferation of nuclear armaments has taken place. As postulated by Berry (2010), nuclear weapons are the most dangerous artillery ever discovered on earth, and if loosely exposed, the ramifications cut across almost every integral part of human life. Ramifications to human security A considerably debated issue over the threats of nuclear weaponry is the notion of social security that first appeared in the Human Development Report of 1994, but it is either misunderstood or misinterpreted. From the conviction developed in recent studies, there exist numerous ambiguities regarding what human security entails.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The actual security issues are unclear whether protection against nuclear weaponry aims humanity or political power and state stability. Jolly and Emmerij (2009) posit, â€Å"Human security shifts security concerns away from an exclusive preoccupation with military protection of states towards the safety and empowerment of individuals† (p.1). The initial idea of human security rested upon offering protection to individuals especially innocent civilians, but the new sense of social security is controversial, as states have shifted attention with the primary purpose of security hinged upon increased ethnic and identity divisions, a proliferation of arms, and individual state power (Berry 2010). Human security in the context of nuclear weaponry effects would better refer to threats to human populations. Human security is universal, multidimensional, people-oriented, and interconnected, and it represents efforts aimed at ensuring individuals or civilians’ safety by miti gating threats to insecurity (Jolly Ray 2006). The proponents of nuclear generation and countries, which have shown extensive support to the underway atomic development in the name of acquiring global power and challenging the powerful nations, should be deficient of proper knowledge concerning nuclear ramifications. ‘Mass destruction’ is probably the first term commonly used to demonstrate the possible effects of nuclear weaponry on human life with mass deaths expected during its use. As Macfarlane (2005) notes, the use of WMD as confrontational tools should involve mass casualties, especially deaths, just as witnessed during the Second World War when allied troops used firebombing. Nuclear weaponry, coupled with the use of chemical and biological armaments, can cause mass destruction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear disarmament as a way to keep peace and provide human security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nowadays, almost anything and everything little to human beings is a potential risk to social security, and when broadened, climate change, health, and other factors form substantial threats to human safety (Jolly Ray 2006). Apart from killing massive numbers of civilians through nuclear attacks and bombing, nuclear production itself and explosions released poses a potential risk to human health. According to Berry (2010), pacts like the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty emerged from the efforts of governmental organizations that wanted to create awareness following the growing fears concerning the repercussions of nuclear arms and how the testing of the weapons within environment affected people’s health and devastated communities. The effects of radiological pollution coming from radioactive emissions on human health and the environment are broad and devastating. As Cimbala (2012) observes, the threat coming from nuclear wars and emissions can destabilize human societies severely as social structures fragment following fear of conflict and tension. Implication to environment While fear augments over the pace of nuclear proliferation and the renewed nuclear arms race, with specifical examples like Libya, Iran, Iraq, and contemporary Syria as perpetrators are trying to assemble nuclear to attack others, the power of destruction is unprecedented (Jacobs Nagan 2012). Nuclear weaponry has unique destruction power, which can cause disgusting human suffering and pose a significant threat to the environment, the existence of future generations, and undeniably the survival of humanity as human existence largely depend on the natural surrounding. Concerning nuclear hostility to the atmosphere, the vast destruction involved in nuclear proliferation and its use in the global spectrum, which subsequently exposes it to the environment, significantly causes environmental degradation, affects water resources and catchment areas and results in adver se climate change that consequently affects other human affairs (Berry 2010). All these aspects form a more significant part of human security and nuclear emissions and weaponry attacks subsequently affect the entire survival of humanity.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nuclear radioactive emissions significantly cause climate change that potentially endangers social systems and ecosystems as  the degradation of natural resources and declines in food and water supply substantially affects human populations (Cimbala 2012). Nuclear weapons constitute weapons of mass destruction, as they are explosive and contain radioactive waste materials that generally lead to fluctuations in climatic conditions, weather changes characterized by extremely high temperatures, and poisonous rainwater coming from the altered ozone layer. As Cimbala (2012) affirms, nuclear power production significantly contributes and inextricably links to nuclear arsenal development. Apart from radioactive fallout, emissions coming from the utilization of nuclear armaments in conflicts or production of nuclear energy (atomic renaissance) including uranium mining, reactor operations, fuel rod manufacture, and other disposals of nuclear waste affect both water and air components. Acco rding to Berry (2010), uranium chemicals, diffusion of other harmful gases, and percolation of nuclear waste materials, including atomic fuel into water bodies affects the entire ecological unit. When essential aspects of humanity, including a safe environment, food security, and weather harshness, are altered, the social structure of human life encounters considerable challenges (Jacobs Nagan 2012). Environmental disturbance potentially leads to a collateral threat to humanity as the physical environment determines social structures and human populations. Regarding gas emissions and other forms of nuclear waste released into the air and water or even on land, all types of ecosystems that support the survival of humanity are affected, and also though human populations would respond to such changes through migration and immigration, further environmental harm would triumph (Berry 2010). The dispersed population due to harsh weather, unproductive soils, and poisoned water sources wou ld probably invade preserved areas such as forests, wild habitats, and other zones. Nuclear attacks enhance insurgency and terrorism as they are potent weapons and destructive, they demolish infrastructure, human abodes, and even different natural habitats, thus causing massive displacement of populations. Associated dangers to human civilization The battle of global supremacy involving some growing nations and powerful developed nations in the name of acquiring weapons of mass destruction to challenge one another has hampered efforts towards human civilization (Jolly Ray 2006). Human progress or evolution is characterized by social, political, cultural, and economic developments, which are also essential aspects of modern human civilization. As nuclear weaponry proliferation, nuclear arms race, and its mitigation initiatives intensify across the world, the entire human civilization is heavily hampered. The central aspect that significantly amplifies human civilization is economic stability and development, something that nuclear production and deterrence are currently affecting and continues to influence. As Macfarlane (2005) notes, the United States alone is currently spending approximately $2 billion annually to prevent nuclear attacks and related wars while Syria, Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, on the other hand, are incurring high economic costs in production of atomic power and nuclear artillery, thus affecting the financial constancy of the involved economies. Countries are living in fear of terrorist attacks, as insurgents have discovered enormous power bestowed in nuclear weaponry proliferation, hence forcing nations to overspend in equipping and supporting military and strengthening security systems (Jolly Emmerij 2009). Following the high costs of nuclear production and deterrence, countries are experiencing economic crunches while providing human security. Wars and fear triggered by nuclear weaponry attacks cause significant destabilization of poli tical structures and national governance, which forms an integral part of modern human civilization. According to Jacobs and Nagan (2012), â€Å"the reliance on nuclear energy must take into account the full range of political, social, medical, economic, and ecological issues† (p.178). States fuelling nuclear proliferation continue to set odd examples on the acquisition of nuclear power and weaponry technology, which seems to destabilize global politics. Cimbala (2012) notes that the constant global rivalry involving powerful political states including the US, USSR, China, Russia, Japan, and North Korea where nuclear development and utilization is highly debatable, is creating global geopolitical tensions. Human civilization involved several social aspects, including human health, employment, and crucial education components of life that contribute to modern culture. Jolly and Ray (2006) identify core elements of underlying social security as â€Å"economic security, food se curity, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security† (p.4). The proliferation of nuclear artillery substantially influences the behavior of the civil society, and as it potentially frustrates social structure and development following fear of nuclear attacks, human civilization is hampered. Atomic bombings and nuclear poisoning to the environment normally destabilizes communal organization and arrangement as civilians would be displaced during such disturbances (Berry 2010). Violent threats coming from terrorist attacks and other forms of crime related to an abundance of illegal arms within societies disintegrate social structures that form an integral part of modern human civilization. Major social threats due to nuclear weapon aggression, such as hostile wars include miserable poverty, death, and conflict. The perceived significance of nuclear weapons From a shrewd perspective, development, proliferation, and utiliz ation of atomic arsenal as military components lack holistic worth as long as humanity faces substantial depressing social, environmental, economic, and political impacts (Jolly Ray 2006). However, the standpoint of proponents of such armaments, especially the nuclear-weapon states, might have found something valuable in the nuclear weaponry production. Many countries across the world, especially those against the American global reclamation of political and economic power, have discovered enough evidence of possessing a stronger opposition against renowned global superpowers. Macfarlane (2005) notes, â€Å"As suggested by the recent behavior of North Korea, Iraq, Iran, and Libya, nuclear weapons appear to be the most desirable weapons to protectionist states† (p.4). The claims of protectionism against internal affairs by developed economies are the main flimsy reasons produced by nuclear-weapon states. The protectionist measures that the majority of Muslim countries includi ng Syria, Pakistan, Russia, and Iraq, which form the bulk of global conflicts, have contributed immensely to the creation and development of nuclear armories citing national democratization. A significant discernment of nuclear weapon states is that atomic weaponry is strong and powerful artillery that armies across the world can use to provide substantial security to respective nations. The United States and other powerful nations that dominate global politics and influence policies governing human rights, economical development, and prevalence of justice among human societies have fallen under intense criticism overexploitation of individual state democracy (Macfarlane 2005). While upheaval against the dominance and influence of the American global political power may prove significant in enhancing individual national development, the degree of legitimacy to possess harmful weapons that frustrate humanity is a critical matter. From Americans’ perspective, the conviction is that the United States itself should possess nuclear weapons to deter nuclear attacks, and this stand is creating even further controversies (Macfarlane 2005). Nuclear weapon states and other proponents of a similar conviction against the United States’ global influence strongly believe that possession of nuclear weaponry would make the US understand what their sentiments entail. Why nuclear disarmament is the irrefutable solution Despite recording a considerable decrease in the number of  the nuclear arsenal across the world, more than 20,000 nuclear weapons are still available, with enough immense potency to destroy the entire planet multiple times over (Cimbala 2012). The question that continues to linger across global political minds is how to impede nuclear development and proliferation to avoid further human insecurity. Perhaps nuclear disarmament is the most practical approach to deter nuclear expansion and proliferation. Berry (2010) asserts that Ukraine, Kazakhstan , Belarus, and South Africa are some of the countries that deserve acknowledgement following their ability to dismantle and abandon handling and utilization of nuclear weapons after 1989. However, Kazakhstan can best explain the reasons why nuclear disarmament can form the best solution in nuclear prevention. According to Jacobs and Nagan (2012), during the Cold War confrontation, Kazakhstan suffered destructive effects of approximately 500 Soviet atomic tests that resulted in augmented cancer rates of 50%, thus leading to 1.5 million victims of diseases, birth deformities, and early deaths. Following such devastating repercussions, Kazakhstan recently launched an international initiative dubbed The Atom Project aimed at elimination of nuclear weapons (Jacobs Nagan 2012). For the past two decades, Kazakhstan has eradicated and renounced all its nuclear armaments, and this global program would aim at creating public education awareness about consequences of atomic weapons through an international referendum that would garner intercontinental support against atomic arms (Jacobs Nagan 2012). Since the advent of the global battle against nuclear weapons, the war against such armaments is hampered by prevailing implications of domestic and foreign policies within geopolitical boundaries. Each nuclear-weapon state is holding to its constitutional power and mandate in the legitimacy to continue possessing nuclear weapons. From Kazakhstan’s experience, the use of mass destruction weapons as protectionist motive shall never restore global peace (Berry 2010). The conviction hinged upon disbarment is that dismissal of the use or production of any form of a nuclear weapon will destroy their proliferation. Disarmament is a crucial way of destroying the existence and proliferation of nuclear weapons since global campaign pressure and related anti-nuclear weapons policies will significantly convince atomic weapon states to forego nuclear weapons (Macfarlane 2005). A multilayered approach aimed at nuclear disarmament and negotiation nuclear disarmament convection as recommended by Berry (2010) is the best and a good faith approach towards the elimination of atomic weapons. Disarmament, as an approach, probably involves public engagement, which is an essential factor in decriminalizing nuclear weapons. A long-term sustainable commitment from societal to international levels that involve the inclusion of the international community and political support and enhancing the understanding of the effects of nuclear weapons and significance of disarmaments would greatly assist in this exercise (Berry 2010). The campaign that is aimed at garnering civil support in disarmament is an effective solution as creating public awareness through referendums against nuclear weapons would generate a global single-aimed project towards the deterrence of nuclear proliferation. Inhibiting attacks and proliferation of nuclear weapons through using billions of dollars to acquire the same weapons of mass destruction would significantly encourage other states to buy them in plenty for their national power defense. Macfarlane (2005) establishes that the strongest solution to dealing with the proliferation of nuclear weapons is doubtlessly through setting policies that undervalue nuclear weapons rather than using them as protectionist measures against our potential enemies. A major conception that makes disarmament a potential strategy to restrain utilization of nuclear weapons is that as eradication against such weapons intensifies, nuclear-weapon states would gradually reduce reliance on these weapons and proffer other less destructive weapons (Jolly Ray 2006). Possessing nuclear weapons as an initiative to demolish other holders of the same artillery creates a controversial perception against the US and other powerful states, and this exaggeration would probably encourage terrorists and other non-state actors to acquire them as protectionist stra tegies. Disarmament would generate different defense approaches far from the current aggressive militia strategies. Militarism and war might not provide a peaceful and prosperous world, but increase international tension and constant confrontation. Disarmament would create better international relations through acknowledging international diplomacy as characterized by a common approach towards affairs of human and national security (Cimbala 2012). When powerful nations withdraw from deploying nuclear weaponry, the last target would be achieving a harmonious world that collectively engages in addressing terrorism, environmental uncertainties, and criminal threats to international securities. Courts of justice across the world should be legally mandated through the formation of policies and regulations to take stiff lawful actions against countries and political leaders aspiring development and utilization of weapons of mass destruction including nuclear weaponry. According to reports documented by Jolly and Ray (2006), respecting the role of the UN in nuclear disarmament is essential as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), and Anti-Ballistic-Missiles Treaty (1972) would significantly reduce the proliferation of atomic weapons. Conclusion Humanity and its civilization will continue intensifying socio-economic and political developments, and a violent world will remain unsustainable and unjust. The contemporary behavior of Syria has awakened the realities surrounding the proliferation of nuclear weapons, which was slowly becoming a historical issue. While approximately nine states have retained their nuclear weapons, there is a conviction that the US, the UK, and Israel are intending to use these weapons in dominating global power. In deterring these weapons, the US itself believes that it should possess nuclear weapons to have the power to dissuade others from using the same weapons. However, inhibiting attacks and proliferation of such weapons through this approach is creating a further international rivalry, especially to non-state actors. The first practical approach, as recommended by Kazakhstan from its experience with devastating nuclear confrontation, is averting the development and proliferation of these weapons through disarmament. Reference List Berry, K 2010, Delegitimising nuclear weapons examining the validity of nuclear deterrence, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey, CA. Cimbala, S 2012, Nuclear Weapons in the Information Age, Continuum International Publishing, London. Jacobs, G Nagan, W 2012, ‘Nuclear Threats and Security’, Cadmus, vol. 1 no. 5, pp. 174-179. Jolly, R Emmerij, L 2009, UN intellectual History Project: Peace and Human Security. Web. Jolly, R Ray, D 2006, The Human Security Framework and National Human Development Reports: A Review of Experiences and Current Debates. Web. Macfarlane, A 2005, All Weapons of Mass Destruction Are Not Equal. Web. This essay on Nuclear disarmament as a way to keep peace and provide human security was written and submitted by user Jennifer Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.